dog food with meat as main ingredient

By Isabella Storyclaire

last updated November 20, 2024

Contributions sourced from

What dog foods have meat as the first ingredient?

All Purina ONE SmartBlend Dry Dog Food formulas, for example, have real meat, poultry or fish as the first ingredient, plus other high-quality protein sources to help support strong muscles and healthy body function.

Should the first ingredient in dog food be meat?

The first five ingredients of your dogs food should always start with protein. Dogs are omnivores, so they receive energy and nutrients from both plant and animal nutrients. But protein is essential to their muscle and tissue development, immune system health, energy, and healthy skin and nails.

What is the number 1 healthiest dog food?

The Farmers Dog Best Overall.
Solid Gold Barking at the Moon High-Protein.
Natures Logic Sardine Meal Feast All Life Stages.
K9 Natural Beef Feast Raw Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog Food.
Sojos Wild-Caught Salmon Recipe Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Raw Dog Food.

What should the first 3 ingredients in dog food be?

A quality dog food is one whose first ingredients are meat, meat meal, or byproduct meal of an animal-based, usable, digestible protein.

What should the first 4 ingredients be in dog food?

Quick Tip: Look at the basic four: protein, fat, fiber, and water. Many states have regulations requiring the minimum amount of nutrients a pet food must contain, as well as the maximum amount of moisture and crude fiber. Dog food labels must display the percentage of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and water.

What three ingredients should not be in dog food?

Three preservatives that are often used to pet food and should be avoided include: BHA Butylated hydroxyanisole. BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene. Propyl gallate.

What is the most important ingredient in dog food?

Meat. It should be no surprise that meat is the most important component of your dogs diet. Dogs are pre-programmed to go crazy for meat for a reason! Every dog is different, but a general rule is that your dog food should be 30 percent lean protein dogs will not thrive on an all-meat diet.

What percentage of dog food should be meat?

Age and Meat Recommendations Veterinarian David McCluggage recommends that protein sources make up 25 to 50 percent of a dogs diet.

What are the most important ingredients in puppy food?

Cereals, which are basic carbohydrates like grain, rice bran, and beet pulp.
Vegetables.
Fish, which provide both protein and calcium.
Fats and oils, a source for vitamins, as well as the energy that dogs need to survive.
Sodium and chloride.

What dog food is most recommended by veterinarians?

Of the 13 veterinarians we spoke to, nine said Royal Canin dog food is their top pick for their own pets and the dogs they treat at work.

Are eggs good for dogs?

Are Eggs Good for Dogs? Eggs are perfectly safe for dogs, Eggs are a great source of nutrition for your canine companion. They are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and fatty acids that help support your dog inside and out. Remember that eggs are only as good as the chicken they come from.

Is rice good for dogs?

Safe: Cooked White Rice and Pasta. Dogs can eat plain white rice or pasta after its cooked. And, a serving of plain white rice with some boiled chicken can sometimes make your dog feel better when they are having stomach problems.

What dog foods should I avoid?

BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole) First on our list is butylated hydroxyanisole, also known as BHA.
White Flour.
Meat Meal.
Artificial Food Coloring.
Corn Syrup.
Rendered Fat.
Vegetable Oil.
Farmed Salmon.

Why is corn not in dog food?

A dogs body cannot process corn properly. Corn-free dog food is an important part of a healthy diet for your dog. Corn can assault the sugar-controlling functions of both the liver and the pancreas, hence leading to medical conditions like dog obesity, pancreatitis, diabetes, and liver disease.

What ingredients should not be in dog food?

Melamine.
BHA, BHT and Ethoxyquin.
Propylene Glycol.
Carrageenan.
Meat Meal.
Food dyes or corn syrup.
MSG.
Sodium Hexametaphosphate.

Can I just feed my dog meat?

It is entirely acceptable to feed your dog a pure kibble diet. Or you can mix their diet up with some cooked or raw meat, fish, vegetables and rice. Many owners like to feed a raw meat diet to their dogs, and while this can suit some dogs very well, there are some important considerations you need to be aware of.

Are expensive dog foods worth it?

You want to go with good, quality ingredients. A study by Consumer Reports finds higher prices can mean better ingredients and better quality control during manufacturing. The same study shows pets can still thrive on inexpensive food or become sick from pricey food.

Should corn Be the first ingredient in dog food?

You dont want a grain or low-quality filler. For instance, wheat and corn should not be the first ingredient. These are generally not as nutritious as meat and contain far too many carbohydrates for most canines. You should avoid veggies that may sound nutritious as well.

What dog food does Oprah Winfrey feed her dogs?

Marty Goldstein, author of The Nature of Animal Healing, is an expert on holistic pet medicine and the veterinarian caring for Oprahs dog Sophie, who is suffering from kidney failure. Based on Dr. Martys advice, Oprah says she now feeds her dogs a mixed diet of chicken, beef, lamb, brown rice, potatoes and carrots.

What dog food is closest to human food?

Nom Nom Fresh Dog Food Delivery Service Best Overall.
Tylees Human-Grade Pork Recipe Frozen Dog Food Best Value.
Canisource Grand Cru Fish Grain-Free Dehydrated Dog Food.
The Honest Kitchen Food Clusters Whole Grain Chicken & Oat Recipe Puppy Blend Best for Puppies.

What food does Dr Marty say dogs should not eat?

According to Dr. Marty, fillers are anything the food companies put into your dogs food that doesnt do good for your dog. Avoid grains like barley, oatmeal, white rice, corn, wheat, soy, which companies use because theyre cheaper than meats.

What Can dogs drink beside water?

Dogs can drink some fresh juices, coconut water, carrot extract, nut milk, bone broth, and kefir in moderate quantities. Make sure you dont give them anything containing added sugars, salt, or preservatives. When it comes to hydrating your dog in the safest way possible, stick to clean fresh cool water.

What meat is best for dog food?

Chicken, turkey, lean ground beef, and chuck steak or roast are animal-based proteins, which help dogs grow strong. A few rules apply: Always cook meat well. Never serve it raw or undercooked.

What can I feed my dog instead of dog food?

Plain, low-fat Greek yogurt.
Mild cheeses, such as American.
Cooked white or sweet potatoes.
Cooked eggs, such as scrambled eggs.
Rotisserie chicken, skin and bones removed.
Cooked lean meat, such as chicken, beef, or turkey.
Cooked or raw fresh vegetables, such as carrots, corn, and broccoli.

Do dogs need meat every day?

Is Meat Required? Dogs can thrive without meat, but only if they are fed a properly balanced vegetarian diet. As is true with people who prefer vegetarian diets, protein or vitamin deficiency can occur in dogs who eat strictly vegetarian diets if they are not properly supplemented.

Pet Food Ingredient and Label Guide

Choosing the right food for your pet can be a big decision, and one that weighs heavy on the minds of many pet owners.

There are so many options out theredry, canned, freeze-dried, raw, all-natural, grain-free, etc.and even more information and opinions to support or refute these various options.

And then you need to decipher the list of cat food or dog food ingredients in each potential formula to know what you are actually feeding your pet.

So where does one start? How do you make an informed decision about which diet is best for your dog or cat?

This guide will break down pet food labels and some common ingredients in dog food and cat food so that you can find the best food for your pet.

Jump to a section here:

The single-most important consideration in selecting a pet food is ensuring that the diet meets your pets nutritional needs of more than 30 essential nutrients, including:

Protein
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

The right pet food should provide all nutrients in sufficient quantity and with appropriate ratios for your pets given life stage. That means that your pets food should provide enough calories to maintain their body weight at their particular life stage (e.g., adult maintenance, puppy/growth, geriatric, etc.).

AAFCO Approval and Label Requirements

A diet that meets these basic nutritional needs is referred to as complete and balanced, which should be indicated on the label as the Nutritional Adequacy Statement by the Association of American of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).¹

Additional label information required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes the following:

AAFCO recommends also including:

Feeding directions
Guaranteed analysis
Caloric content

Pet foods are often labeled with eye-catching phrases, like all-natural, organic, or wholesome.

These terms sound similar but can mean quite different things about the product. Some of these terms are regulated by AAFCO and the FDA, while others are not. Its important to know the difference and what these words actually mean.

Here is an abbreviated version of the AAFCO definition that can help guide you, but if you want more information, visit AAFCO Talks Pet Food.

Regulated Terms: USDA, FDA, and/or AAFCO

Organic

This term is regulated and is signified with a USDA Organic Seal.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Organic seal means that the pet food production and handling adhere to the requirements established by the USDAs National Organic Program for human food regulation.

Certified organic pet foods must be made of at least 95% organic ingredients, and the use of synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic engineering is not permitted.¹

Human-Grade

There is no true definition for this in animal feed regulations, but according to AAFCO, for a pet food to be considered human-grade, every ingredient must be human edible and manufactured, packaged, and held in accordance with federal regulations.

Very few pet foods can meet this standard, so if you see human-grade on the label, you might want to call the company to ask about their manufacturing procedures .¹

Terms That Are Not Regulated

Natural, All-Natural, or 100% Natural

The label claim of natural has a loose definition.

Natural dog or cat food ingredients must be of plant, animal, or mined sources, which most ingredients are, and can undergo any manufacturing process except a chemically synthetic process.

Chemically synthesized ingredients include many vitamins and minerals, preservatives, and flavor and/or color additives.

All-natural or 100% natural means that every ingredient used complies with this, or the label can specify certain ingredients as natural (e.g., natural chicken flavor).

If a product is all-natural or 100% natural, it is not likely to be complete and balanced, because most vitamins and minerals that are added to pet foods are synthetic. Therefore, supplementation would likely be necessary to meet your pets specific nutrient requirements.¹

Holistic or Wholesome

The terms holistic and wholesome are used to imply whole-body health, but they do not tell you anything about what ingredients are included, how or where the ingredients were sourced, or how the product was manufactured or handled.

Raw

Most manufactured retail pet foods are not truly raw, as heat processes are often used to prevent bacterial growth.

If a food is labeled as raw and is not misbranded, its important to follow sanitary handling practices for raw meat to minimize bacterial cross-contamination.

Of the regulated information on a pet food label, most pet owners perceive the ingredient list to be the most important.

The FDA requires that every ingredient included is named following the established AAFCO definitions and that ingredients are listed in descending order of predominance by weight. This means that the heaviest ingredients are listed first.

Quality and Quantity of Cat and Dog Food Ingredients

The list does not provide any information on the quality of the cat or dog food ingredients included or whether they are used in amounts that provide any sort of nutritional benefit to your pet.

For example, ingredients that appeal to pet owners, like blueberries and kale, probably provide little nutritional benefit to your pet because of the relatively small quantities added, whereas poultry by-product sounds less appealing but is included as a primary ingredient because it provides your pet with essential nutrients.

Contacting the Pet Food Manufacturer

If you ever have a question about the ingredients in cat food or dog food, do not hesitate to do a little homework.

Some pet food manufacturers have very descriptive websites with lists of commonly used ingredients and descriptions, but if you cannot find the information there, contact the manufacturer.

A responsible pet food manufacturer should provide you with the ingredient information, including the source and why it is included in their formulation.

The list of ingredients in cat food and dog food can be exceptionally long with confusing terminology.

However, its important to understand the established definitions for those terms so that you can make a well-educated decision on which food to feed your pet, rather than a decision led by perception.

Heres a breakdown of some of the most common cat food and dog food ingredients and what they mean.

Jump to a specific term here:

Amino Acids

Animal Products

Fats/Oils

Gums

Carrageenan | Cassia Gum | Guar Gum | Xanthan Gum

Hydrolyzed Protein

Plant Products

Cellulose

Corn | Whole Corn, Ground Corn, Cornmeal, and Corn Flour | Corn Starch | Corn Gluten

Minerals

Natural Flavors

Preservatives

Artificial Preservatives | Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) | Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) | Ethoxyquin |

Natural Preservatives | Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) | Calcium Propionate | Mixed Tocopherols

Probiotics

Bifidobacteria | Enterococcus | Lactobacillus

Vitamins

L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyphosphate | Menadione Sodium Bisulfate Complex | Vitamin B₇ (Biotin)

Essential amino acids are those that must be provided by a pets diet. They can be contained within animal or plant protein sources, meaning you wont see them listed, or they can be added on their own, in which case you will see them listed.

There are 10 essential amino acids for both cats and dogs, and one that is essential for cats²:

Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Taurine (essential for cats)
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine

Depending on the ingredients of the pet food, other nonessential amino acids may still be added to ensure that the food is nutritionally complete and promotes certain health aspects.

Other commonly added amino acids include:

L-carnitine (for maintaining a healthy body weight)
L-lysine monohydrochloride
L-cysteine
DL-methionine
Taurine (can be added to dog food)

All animal products added to pet foods are defined and described by AAFCO.¹ Each can provide a valuable source of protein and amino acids, and in sufficient quantity, meet the protein requirement of dogs and cats.

The pet food industry utilizes many parts of animals that are not consumed by people but are still highly nutritious and commonly consumed by our canine and feline friends wild counterparts. This helps the overall production of meat to be a more sustainable practice.

Animal By-Product Meal: Rendered (or processed) product from animal tissues, excluding hair, hooves, horn, hide, manure, or gastrointestinal (GI) contents.

Animal Digest: Materials resulting from chemical or enzymatic degradation of clean animal tissue, excluding hair, horns, teeth, hooves, and feathers.

Dried Egg Product: Eggs that have been separated from the shell and dried provide an excellent complete source of protein and fat, containing all essential amino acids and fatty acids.

Meat: Clean muscle (skeletal, tongue, diaphragm, heart, esophagus) from mammals, with or without the accompanying fat, skin, nerves, and blood vessels.

Meat and Bone Meal: Rendered (or processed) product from mammal tissues and bones, excluding hair, hooves, horn, hide, manure, or GI contents.

Meat By-Products: Clean, non-rendered (not processed) parts of mammals other than muscle, usually consisting of organs, blood, and bone and not including hair, horns, teeth, and hooves.

Meat Meal: Rendered (or processed) product from mammal tissues, excluding hair, hooves, horn, hide, manure, or GI contents.

Poultry: Clean muscle (skeletal, tongue, diaphragm, heart, esophagus) from chickens, with or without the accompanying fat, skin, nerves, and blood vessels.

Poultry By-Product: Clean parts of poultry carcass, including head, feet, organs, and whole carcass.

Poultry By-Product Meal: Rendered (or processed) product from poultry tissues; can include necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, organs, and whole body, but excludes feathers.

Poultry Meal: Rendered (or processed) product from poultry tissues, excluding head, feet, organs, and feathers.

Fats might not have a good reputation, but they are necessary and pose many benefits in pet food:

Serve as a good source of energy
Provide 2.25 times more calories than protein or carbohydrates
Help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, E, D, and K
Supply essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
Add palatability to the food

Omega-3 and Omega-6

The ratio of essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty contents of various oils is important because the balance helps combat inflammation. Omega-3s are antioxidants, and a diet higher in omega-3s can have benefits for the skin, haircoat, joints, etc.⁴

Animal Fats: These can show up on labels with a specified source (e.g., chicken, beef, pork, etc.) or as unspecified (e.g., animal fat or poultry fat). Mammals and poultry sources tend to be higher in omega-6 fatty acids, whereas a fish source is higher in omega-3s.

Coconut Oil or Palm Kernel Oil: Recent research has revealed the benefit of these medium-chain triglycerides in diets for aging dogs, particularly those with canine cognitive dysfunction, as they promote memory and the ability to focus.⁵

Fish Oils: Can have a specified source, like salmon oil, or show up as fish oil. Fish oils provide more omega-3 fatty acids. These consist of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and the quantities may be specified in the Guaranteed Analysis on a pet food label.

Glycerin: A carbohydrate derived from fats and oils that is added to help retain moisture in soft (semi-moist or canned) diets.

Vegetable Oils: Can have a specified source, like canola, sunflower, or safflower oils, or show up as vegetable oil." Vegetable oils generally provide more omega-6 fatty acids.

Common gums in pet food are:

Carrageenan
Cassia gum
Guar gum
Xanthan gum

These are sources of soluble fiber that increase the bulk and water content of the feces and increase production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are important sources of energy for the cells of the colon, and they help promote water and electrolyte absorption in the large intestine.⁶

A rich-source protein derived from either vegetable sources (soy, corn, wheat) or poultry feathers.

The source ingredient is heated and chemically processed to generate a low-molecular-weight protein source that is:

Highly digestible
Easily absorbed
Readily bioavailable

Hydrolyzed proteins are found in hypoallergenic pet foods. The use of hydrolyzed poultry feathers has an added benefit of providing a sustainable protein option.²

Plant products can provide a source of protein and/or carbohydrates/fiber, depending on the type and how it is processed.

Often referred to as powdered cellulose, its derived from the pulp of fibrous plants and provides a good source of insoluble fiber. This adds bulk to the diet, which offers satiation (the feeling of being full after a meal).

Cellulose is also added to cat foods to minimize hairball formation. It draws water into the GI tract and helps hair, consumed while grooming, to move along and be excreted in the feces.

Common grains in pet foods include:

Barley
Corn
Oats
Rice
Rye
Wheat

Whole Grain vs. Refined Grain

Grains are categorized as either whole grain, meaning all parts of the grain are present (germ, bran, and endosperm), or refined, meaning they are processed with the germ and bran removed.

The grain endosperm contains gluten and starch. These various parts of the grain can be used as ingredients in cat food and dog food, and each provides a different purpose and set of nutrients.

These are important when considering certain pet health issues. For example, in diabetes, minimizing starch (found in endosperm) to reduce blood sugar spikes is the goal. And when managing obesity, it is important to optimize dietary fiber sources to help the pet feel full without providing additional calories.

Bran: This is the outer layer of the grain, just under the hull. Present in long-grain or brown rice and removed in processing to make white rice. Good source of fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.

Gluten: A type of protein found in the endosperm of grains, after the starch has been removed, that provides an available and low-cost source of protein in pet food. For example, 1 gram of corn gluten meal contains approximately 50% more protein than 1 gram of chicken.

Hulls: Hard outer covering of the grain that provides a source of insoluble fiber/roughage. Insoluble fibers increase the bulk and firmness of the feces but absorb water.

Meal and Flour: Ground grains (whole or refined), where meal is a coarser grind than flour. If it comes from refined grains, meaning the bran and germ are removed, the meal/flour will have a high starch content.

Middlings (midds): Small particles created during the grain milling process that are low in starch and good sources of protein, fiber, phosphorous, and other nutrients.

Starch: The other component of grain endosperm, aside from gluten. Starch is a readily available carbohydrate that provides a source of energy.

Corn can be included in pet foods in these forms:

Whole
Ground
Meal
Flour
Starch
Gluten

Whole Corn, Ground Corn, Cornmeal, and Corn Flour: When properly milled, these provide a source of easily digestible carbohydrates that are used by dogs for energy.

The finer the product is ground, (flour > meal > ground), the more easily digested it is.

All of these forms also provide protein and amino acids, linoleic acid (omega-6 essential fatty acid), and antioxidants (beta-carotene, vitamin E).

Corn Starch: Made from the starchy part of the corn kernel, it can be used as a thickening agent for dog foods and is reported to be the least allergenic form.³

Corn Gluten: A low-cost and viable protein source.

Common legumes in pet foods include peas, lentils, soy, and beans, and they are often used as substitutes for grains in grain-free pet food diets.

Pea Fiber: Derived from ground pea hulls and provides a good source of both insoluble and soluble fiber.

Pea Protein: A protein concentrate extracted from peas that provides iron and many of the essential amino acids, including lysine. Iron and lysine are both important for healthy muscles and a healthy immune system.

Pea Starch: This is the starch component of the pea, separated from the protein component and hull. Provides a readily available source of energy and iron.

Soybean Flour: The portion of the soybean leftover after the oil has been removed and the soybeans are ground into a fine powder. Soybean flour is a good source of protein, containing many essential amino acids, fiber, fatty acids, some B vitamins, and minerals like potassium.

Beet Pulp: Beet pulp is the fibrous by-product left over from sugar beet processing. It is a good source of both insoluble and soluble fiber, providing good fecal consistency and beneficial volatile fatty acids.

Cassava Root Flour: Cassava root is cooked, dried, and ground to produce a fine powder flour. This provides a carbohydrate source for energy and a source of minerals, including iron, manganese, and zinc. Often used in grain-free diets.

Potato Protein: A protein concentrate extracted from white potatoes. Good source of protein for limited-ingredient prescription pet foods.

Potato Starch: Potato starch is added to grain-free diets as an alternative to grain. It is considered a resistant starch, meaning it is resistant to digestion in the small intestine, which may be beneficial for intestinal cell health and promote a healthy population of intestinal bacteria (prebiotic). However, these health benefits have not been proven yet in dogs and cats.

Potatoes: White or sweet potatoes commonly provide a source of carbohydrate or starch, often used in grain-free pet food diets.

The mineral requirements of dogs and cats may not be completely met by cat or dog food ingredients, so individual minerals are often added to supplement the diet.

There are seven macro-minerals:

Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur

There are 11 trace minerals:

Iron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Iodine
Cobalt
Fluorine
Chromium
Boron

Many mineral supplements are provided as a chemical compound (e.g., calcium carbonate) or as chelated (attached) to a carrier compound like an amino acid (e.g., zinc methionine, ferrous sulfate).

Salt (Sodium Chloride): It is added in some veterinary prescription diets to promote thirst and water consumption. This helps to generate a less concentrated, or more watered-down, urine, which is beneficial in diseases of the urinary tract, like kidney disease or to help treat bladder stones.²

Natural flavors are added to pet foods to enhance palatability and can include spices, broths, and yeast.

Preservatives are added to pet foods to maintain quality, palatability, and shelf-life longevity. Available as artificial additives or natural, but natural tend to be less effective, meaning that the product will have a shorter shelf life if no artificial preservatives are used.⁷

Artificial Preservatives include:

Natural Preservatives include:

The goal of adding beneficial bacteria to pet food is to promote a healthy GI tract by preventing and treating gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and mitigating food allergies.

Common bacteria in probiotic formulations for dogs include species⁸ of:

Depending on the ingredients of the pet food, vitamins may be added to ensure that the dogs and/or cats nutrient requirements are met and/or to promote certain health aspects.

Most of the names of added vitamins are straightforward on the pet food label, like vitamin B₇ (biotin).

However, a few vitamin names can be more obscure:

References

1. AAFCO 2020 Official Publication. Champaign, IL. Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. 2020; 759.

2. Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al. (Eds.) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th edition. Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Institute.

3. Olivry T, Bexley J. Cornstarch is less allergenic than corn flour in dogs and cats previously sensitized to corn. BMC Vet Res. 2018. 14(207). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1538-5.

4. Bauer JE. Timely topics in nutrition: The essential nature of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in dogs. JAVMA. 2016. 249(11): 1267-1272.

5. May KA, Laflamme DP. Nutrition and the aging brain of dogs and cats. JAVMA. 2019. 255(11): 1245-1254.

6. Donadelli RA, Titgemeyer EC, Aldrich CG. Organic matter disappearance and production of short- and branched-chain fatty acids from selected fiber sources used in pet foods by a canine in vitro fermentation model. J Anim Sci. 2019. 97(11): 4532-4539.

7. Gross KL, Bollinger R, Thawnghmung P, et al. Effect of three different preservative systems on the stability of extruded dog food subjected to ambient and high temperature storage. J Nutr. 1994. 124(S12): 2638A-2642S.

8. Grzeskowiak L, Endo A, Beasley S, et al. Microbiota and probiotics in canine and feline welfare. Anaerobe. 2015. 34: 14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.002.

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